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Aerodynamics vs. Weight: What’s the Tipping Point for Pro and Amateur Cyclists?

aerodynamics versus weight importance cycling tipping point amateur pro ridersThe Pro Peloton ascending the Col du Galibier in the 2022 Tour de France. Photo c. Red Bull Content Pool/Kramon
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Over the 21 stages of the Tour de France, riders of the Pro Peloton may ride a number of different models from their frame sponsor. They will switch between the brand’s dedicated aero road bike, time-trial bike, and lightweight climbing bike, making a decision based on what that stage will bring on the day; elevation profile, wind conditions, mileage, terrain, etc., all need to be carefully considered to ensure the rider is optimally equipped. The team looks to control any factor that is controllable.

We recently received a thought-provoking question from a reader on this very topic, a question that was the inspiration for this feature. Not being aerodynamics specialists or engineers ourselves, we have recruited expertise from some of the top road frame manufacturers whose bikes can be seen throughout any Pro Peloton. Specialized, Trek, Cervélo, and Cannondale all bring some interesting and insightful discussion on the topic, ranging from the succinct and easily digestible to the results of some rather revealing virtual simulations.

The Reader’s Question

“The gradient at which it is said that weight begins to trump aero is typically around 8% for pro riders. Obviously, the slower one can ride and climb must affect this transition point in gradient. How does this gradient transition reduce as the available power output reduces for those of us who are not pros?”

The answer to that question is, it depends, as we will soon find out from our team of experts. The discussions offer some insight into bike choice in the Pro Peloton but also deliver some golden nuggets of advice as to what kind of bike we amateur cyclists would go best on.

Our contributors are:

  • Marcel Keyser, an engineer with the Specialized Human Performance Team
  • The Cervélo Engineering Department
  • Trek Senior Aerodynamicist, John Davis
  • Dr. Nathan Barry, Cannondale engineer and aerodynamicist

Dr. Nathan Barry, Cannondale Engineer, and Aerodynamicist

The simple answer is that the less power to weight a rider has, the slower they climb, and the lower the gradient of the tipping point between aerodynamic and weight savings. But that only scratches the surface of this phenomenon. To fully address this question, it’s important to go back to the fundamental science that underpins this concept to make sure there are no misconceptions. The statement of one specific gradient where weight trumps aerodynamics is an oversimplification from some arbitrary specific set of parameters.

The underlying mechanics of cycling, described by the cycling power equation, show that aerodynamics is a function of velocity, with no dependence on gradient or mass. Conversely, climbing power is a strong function of mass, gradient, and velocity. Taking the extreme edge cases; on a flat road (0% gradient) a rider expends 0 W of climbing power. At a constant speed, mass has a minimal impact on the power required, thus most of a rider’s power is spent overcoming aerodynamic drag. As the road gets steeper, the rider must expend climbing power, leaving less power to overcome drag, therefore their speed drops. So at some very steep gradients, a rider will have very low velocity such that aerodynamic resistance becomes minimal and the majority of the rider’s power is spent overcoming the gradient.

700 U SuperSix EVO HM
Cannondale’s latest road racing offering is the 2023 SuperSix EVO; this one is the $15K LAB71 model.

It stands to reason then, there will be some cross-over point along this gradient spectrum at which the rider expends an equal amount of power overcoming both drag and climbing power. However, this still isn’t the full picture. The question of interest isn’t about the magnitude of power, but rather differences in performance. What we are really interested in is how changes in drag or mass affect performance. A simple example might be a choice of wheels. A shallow wheelset might be lighter but sacrifices aerodynamic efficiency compared to a well-engineered deeper rim. Clearly, on a flat road the deeper, low-drag wheelset is preferable. The question becomes, how steep does the road need to be before the lightweight wheels are faster than the heavier but lower-drag wheels? Often this is referred to as the tipping point.

What becomes clear from this example is that the gradient at which the tipping point occurs will depend on the relative difference in drag and mass. A big drag savings with a small weight penalty will have a much higher tipping point than a change that has a small drag savings but large weight savings. The tipping point is also a function of velocity. Even when climbing, a rider is pushing through the air so there is always a component of aerodynamic drag. While it is reduced at lower speeds while climbing, it never drops to zero, so long as you are moving. As noted in the question statement, this is the reason why the tipping point is higher for professionals. Due to their higher power (and power to weight), they climb faster, and at a given gradient, they are traveling faster than an amateur and so have higher aerodynamic resistance to overcome. Aerodynamic savings have a larger influence on performance.

A second concept to layer on top of this is that these differences in rider performance are related to the system as a whole, not just the component, or the bike. Consider a wheelset upgrade that saves 100 g of weight — ignoring any aerodynamic differences for now. For a high-performance wheelset in the range of 1,600 g, a 100g reduction is a big saving (6.3%). For a complete bike of ~7.5 kg that would be a 1.3% weight reduction. However, cycling performance is determined by the total system mass — including the rider.

Typically, the bike is only about 10% of the total system weight. For a 75kg rider on this bike, the 100g weight savings is only a 0.1% reduction in system mass. As such, the climbing performance improvement from such a change will be proportionally small. The same is true of differences in aerodynamic drag. Changes in drag need to be considered as a function of the whole system. However, a 10% reduction in system mass is impossible when considering only the bike, this is not out of the realm of possibility when you consider a bike with no aerodynamic optimisation versus one dedicated to lowering drag.

How does rider power affect the gradient transition? There is no one answer to this; it comes down to those three key variables: change in drag, change in mass, and rider power to weight. For a given configuration (a given difference in drag and mass) you can model a curve for tipping point versus rider power to weight. This will show how your performance with a given setup compares to that of a pro who might have significantly higher power to weight. But that will only apply to that specific equipment configuration. As soon as you change the relative differences in drag and mass, the model will no longer be relevant. It is hard to simplify this since differences can vary widely. Between wheelsets, frames, cockpits, helmets, and clothing, there can be big differences in both drag and mass.

To try and provide some insight to those who don’t want to build all this into a spreadsheet, we can frame some of these principles in a less complex way using a very simple case study. Consider what happens when you add 1 kg of dead mass to your bike, i.e. with no benefit from reduced drag. In the context of high-performance road bikes, this is a big change in bike weight. Certainly, something that a rider will feel when they hold or pick up the bike. Most road riders would consider this to have a dramatic impact on performance. If we take a case study for an amateur rider: a 75kg rider, 7.5kg bike, 7% gradient climb, 15km/h road speed. Climbing at this speed and slope would require ~275 W. An amount sustainable for a fit amateur rider of this size (3.7 W/kg). The addition of the 1kg dead weight would add only 3W resistance under these conditions. This is not nothing, but it is just a little over a 1% increase in resistance. For a rider who isn’t competing at a high level, this difference is not going to make or break their ride. In fact, this equates to less than 0.5-second time loss over a 5km climb. If we reduce that performance to 2.5 W/kg the power difference is 2 W and the time difference is 0.5 seconds to the same significant figures. Basically, less power available reduces road speeds, which reduces the magnitude of power differential but increases the time saved — since the rider’s total time over the segment is proportionally longer.

Weight is not as significant as most riders probably believe. Even with no aerodynamic improvement, a 1 kg difference has a relatively small impact on road speed. Conversely, if you start with a setup that has relatively high drag, a 1kg mass difference could be spent on a huge amount of aerodynamic optimisation. For the same rider and power output you could see at least 20W power savings on a flat road when comparing a classic round tube frame with low-profile wheels to a modern race bike. So perhaps a simpler question to address this phenomenon is how much should a rider care about weight or aerodynamics? While it is much easier to feel and measure the weight of a bike, for almost all riders and scenarios, aerodynamic optimisation will have a much greater impact on your on-road speed than reducing the weight of the bike.

If we revisit the wheel comparison from earlier, we can consider one specific equipment choice and examine the calculation of the tipping point for our 75kg rider at 275 W. Take two wheelsets: the first is lightweight at 1,300 g but has a shallow rim and high drag. The second uses a deep aerodynamic rim with a weight of 1,500 g and a drag reduction of 0.010 m2. This represents a realistic figure based on wind tunnel test results for a pair of wheels on a complete bike.

The power distribution as a function of gradient for this rider is plotted below. This model effectively has the rider maintaining a constant power output and redistributes that power based on the requirements at each gradient. From experience, we know that the increase in gradient is coupled with a decrease in speed. At 0% the rider is moving very quickly (~38 km/h), compared to very slowly (~11 km/h) at 10%. This plot highlights how the rider’s power distribution changes as the road becomes steeper. With increasing gradient, there is more power required to overcome the elevation gain, leaving less power available to maintain the speed seen on the flat. As speed drops, so does the aerodynamic power requirement.

Power distribution graph, power and gradient

For the two wheels, we can calculate these power distributions for each configuration. Comparing the two sets we can derive the tipping point to occur at a gradient of 6%. Remember that this is the inflection point. At any gradient up to 6%, the heavier, lower-drag wheelset is faster. Only once the gradient exceeds 6% is there any advantage for the lighter wheelset. Note, in the above graph, that at a gradient of 6% significantly more of the rider’s power is distributed to climbing compared to air resistance, and yet the performance of the two configurations is equal at this gradient. This comes down to the relative impact of those differences on the performance balance. As described earlier, changing rider power, drag savings, or weight savings will change the value of the tipping point.

Cannondale aerodynamics weight feature article power difference plotted against gradient tipping point

The figure above shows the power difference based on a fixed velocity (as calculated for the first configuration with the heavier, lower drag setup). In this case, positive values indicate the additional power required by the lighter wheelset, negative values indicate where the lighter wheelset is saving power over the heavier wheelset. The horizontal intercept at 6% indicates the tipping point. Note that the magnitude of power difference between the two configurations is not equivalent. Whilst the lighter wheelset is faster above 6% the power saved is an order of magnitude smaller than the savings seen with the low drag wheelset on low gradients.

Cervélo Engineering Department

Aerodynamic impact grows non-linearly as speed increases. Pro riders produce more watts and weigh less, which results in a faster average speed — which also means the absolute aerodynamic impact is greater.

Relatively speaking, on flat ground, an amateur rider will benefit more from an aerodynamic frame than the pro rider because they produce less power and typically weigh more, and the aerodynamic reduction in drag is a greater percentage of their total power output.

Wout van Aert (BEL) racing stage 4 of the 58th Tirreno-Adriatico 2023 from Greccio to Tortoreto. Credit: Red Bull Content Pool / Kristof Ramon

Once the road goes uphill, though, weight becomes the determining factor, and speeds drop. A pro rider will still produce more power and weigh less than an amateur rider, so they will maintain a higher speed, which maintains aerodynamic performance. An amateur rider will weigh more and produce less power, so their speed will drop more quickly than a pro, also reducing the aerodynamic impact of the bike.

Assuming bike weights are the same, along with the assumptions stated above regarding power output and rider weight, the weight versus aero tipping point for the average rider is likely around a 4-5% gradient versus approximately 8% for the pro rider.

John Davis, Trek Senior Aerodynamicist

The reader’s 8% tipping point was accurate several years ago for the trade-off between typical aero and lightweight bikes at pro speeds. However, with most race bikes receiving aero treatment nowadays, that tipping point has been reduced.

Trek Aerodynamics Emonda versus Madone tipping point, gradient weight, aero
Seconds saved per hour with the 2023 Madone versus the 2021 Emonda (positive values = faster on Madone) versus percent grade.
(Assumptions: no wind, 73kg rider, equal rolling resistance for both bikes, baseline CdA of 0.3, hands at same hood width for both bikes.)

Keep in mind that on a loop course, you must descend what you climb. Factoring in descending, the Emonda versus Madone tipping point for an out-and-back climb and descent changes from ~3% to ~6% for the 150W rider (this simplistic calculation neglects braking losses).

Trek plot rider power watts versus gradient percentage climbing, Emonda versus Madone
Orange: Gradient at which the 2021 Emonda is faster than the 2023 Madone; Red: Gradient at which the 2018 Emonda is faster than the 2023 Madone.

Now, almost all race bikes receive some aerodynamic treatment, which has reduced the tipping point from the ~8% level the reader asked about. This example compares our 2018 Emonda versus our 2021 Emonda, but the same trend is often seen across the industry.

Other factors that come into play:

  • I assumed no wind; headwinds and most crosswinds will push the tipping point in favor of the aero bike while tailwinds will push the tipping point in favor of the climbing bike
  • Increasing rider weight will push the tipping point in favor of the climbing bike and decreasing weight will push the tipping point in favor of the aero bike (roughly by 0.2% grade for every 10 kg in this example)

Marcel Keyser, Engineer With the Specialized Human Performance Team

For the simulation, we created three “virtual” bikes — weight, CdA (coefficient of aerodynamic drag), and a consistent rolling resistance — and ran them in a number of scenarios. We used our Tarmac SL7, the Aethos, and then a “pure” aero bike based on what we know from many dedicated aero road platforms from a variety of manufacturers. 

The rider has 70 kg + 1 kg of gear. Rolling resistance is similar to a nice Turbo tire.

Virtual BikeCdACdA DeltaBike Weight
Tarmac0.2950 m²0 m²7.05 kg
“Pure” Aero0.2935 m²– 0.0015 m²7.6 kg
Aethos (Lightweight)0.3120 m²+ 0.0170 m²6.45 kg

Conclusions

A. General

  1. The stronger a rider is, the steeper the road needs to be to hit the break-even between aero and weight. 
  2. Stronger riders work more against aero due to higher average speeds.

B. Tarmac SL7 vs. Aethos (Lightweight)

  1. Climbs need to be steeper than approximately 5% to see the advantage of the lower weight.
  2. It’s interesting to see how different rider speeds play a big role in when the Aethos versus the Tarmac choice delivers an advantage.
Specialized graph power over slope at reference setup speed and power difference Tarmac vs. Lightweight Bike

Based on 3 W/kg, 4.5 W/kg, and 6 W/kg, representing amateur, strong amateur, and pro riders, respectively — we know it starts to matter beyond 5% grade for all riders, but the big-time gaps don’t occur until steeper slopes, so we calculated the time delta (change) over an hour of riding a 10% slope on a Tarmac versus an Aethos for each of these riders. Essentially, how much faster the Aethos covers the distance that a Tarmac SL7 does in an hour. You’ll see that, and watts saved, in the below summary graphs.

  • At 3 W/kg, the Aethos is 25 seconds ahead after an hour over the Tarmac SL7 on a 10% slope. 
  • At 4.5 W/kg, the Aethos is 19 seconds ahead after an hour over the Tarmac SL7 on a 10% slope.  
  • At 6 W/kg the Aethos is 14 seconds ahead after an hour over the Tarmac SL7 on a 10% slope.  
Specialized's summary plots from the simulation tests of the Tarmac SL7 versus a "Classic" aero road bike versus the Aethos (Lightweight).
Specialized’s summary plots from the simulation tests of the Tarmac SL7 versus a “Classic” aero road bike versus the Aethos (Lightweight).

It’s important to note that with today’s races, the aero advantage over an entire day and the rarity of any race with sustained 10% slopes, combined with the need to add ballast to make an Aethos UCI legal, make the Tarmac SL7 the undeniable race choice for our riders.

We did the Tarmac SL7 versus a “Classic” aero road bike for fun too. The results were pretty incredible. The Tarmac SL7 gives up almost nothing on the flats and gains 4X that time back on a climb.

C. Tarmac vs. “Classic” Aero Bike

  1. There is almost no disadvantage on FLAT road.
  2. The delta power plot shows approx. 1 W disadvantage on flat and 2 W advantage on climbs for the Tarmac. This sounds like 50%/100%.
  3. BUT! Look at the TIME savings per hour bar graphs in the summary plots above:
  • The Tarmac loses 5 seconds in 1 hour on the FLAT and wins 20-25 seconds in 1 hour on a CLIMB versus the “Classic” Aero Bike.
  • This delta is huge, validating the incredible combination of lightweight and aero that the Tarmac delivers.
S-Works World Champ Tarmac SL7 of Remco Evenepoel, riding

Thank you again to Specialized Bicycles, Trek Bikes, Cervélo, and Cannondale for contributing to this feature.

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25 Comments
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Jamie Levett
Jamie Levett
11 months ago

“Jonas Vindegaard” 🙂

donald
donald
11 months ago
Reply to  Jamie Levett

pretty sure thats wout van aert

Nick
Nick
11 months ago
Reply to  Jamie Levett

Best part of this whole article

Champs
Champs
11 months ago

This is great information for hill climb races, but the breakeven point is different if aero wheels make you faster and/or fresher on the downhill and flats in between.

Mark
Mark
11 months ago

“Relatively speaking, on flat ground, an amateur rider will benefit more from an aerodynamic frame than the pro rider because they produce less power and typically weigh more, and the aerodynamic reduction in drag is a greater percentage of their total power output.” I think they got if backwards.

blahblahblah
blahblahblah
11 months ago
Reply to  Mark

yeah but when you double your speed you quadruple your drag, so a great benefit to a pro

Mark
Mark
11 months ago
Reply to  blahblahblah

We’re violently agreeing.

Jan
Jan
11 months ago
Reply to  Mark

It’s a confusing sentence but they’re saying a 20W savings for a 200W ftp rider is a greater percentage saved compared to a 30W savings for a 350W ftp rider.

David
David
11 months ago
Reply to  Mark

Nope, because less power and more mass means more time on course, so greater total aero savings to the bigger less powerful guy.

Deputy Dawg
Deputy Dawg
11 months ago

TLDR: “Weight is not as significant as most riders probably believe.”

BikeDerp
BikeDerp
11 months ago

Thanks for the sales pitch, Marcel … cringe

Hexsense
Hexsense
11 months ago

of all these answers, I like Cannondale one the best.
Good framework for understanding the entire system. Not the best for tldr clowd though. It’s comprehensive and long.

Daniel
Daniel
11 months ago
Reply to  Hexsense

Totally agree with you here. Cannondale’s response was trying to address the readers question while the other responses were delivering a sales pitch for their own bikes.

lghtvsaro
lghtvsaro
11 months ago

I feel that all of these conversations about weight vs aerodynamics and ride quality are missing discussion that includes acceleration. Weight plays a much bigger part in ease of bringing a bike up to speed or slowing down quickly and I think that characteristic is crucial for both pros and amateurs.

In a racing context this could mean adjusting to different gradient pitches, accelerating out of corners, launching attacks, following crucial attacks, descending safely, and avoiding crashes.

For recreational/amateur riders the weight is noticeable when starting and stopping at stop signs or traffic lights and when adjusting to traffic.

Without a doubt once a rider is up to speed aero is almost always faster, but there’s more to the equation when it comes to “what’s the best bike for someone”. The cumulative fatigue of slightly more difficult accelerations from a heavy aero bike can offset the benefit for some people IMO.

It feels like the industry marketing has been trying to fight against the importance of weight for a while now while favoring aerodynamics. I think for most people weight is still actually going to result in a better ride experience and be more perceivable.

Robin
Robin
11 months ago
Reply to  lghtvsaro

Yeah, acceleration can be important, BUT a bike is only a small fraction of the total system weight. And humans accelerate very slowly. That means that the changes in acceleration in going from a “heavy” bike to a “light” bike are still small. Yes, those differences might matter in sprint or when taking intermediate points..or maybe in a hill climb, but even then it’s still a very small gain, even for pros.

Bike weight (and stiffness) have been far oversold and over emphasized. For the vast majority for riders, aero gains tend to be the most significant. The math and physics don’t lie.

lghtvsaro
lghtvsaro
11 months ago
Reply to  Robin

@ Robin

I absolutely agree that rider weight vs bike weight is more significant in terms of “total system” weight, but I’d still argue that weight and stiffness are more perceivable for the rider than aero. I think that looking at it from a simple math/physics perspective ignores the physiology/chemistry impact on the rider. I know for me repeated accelerations make me more tired than riding steadily even if the average pace is slightly higher.

For someone who is able to ride steadily on unobstructed rural roads all the time an aero bike makes sense, but for a lot of people who have to contend with stop/start or city junk miles w/traffic, I still think the weight is a big factor. Or for riders sheltered in a peloton, but who need to accelerate out of corners repeatedly. Kinda like average power vs normalized power.

Weight has a bigger effect on acceleration than aero, and I think that is equally important when considering energy expenditure and fatigue

Robin
Robin
11 months ago
Reply to  lghtvsaro

But it’s been shown that riders’ perceptions of stiffness aren’t very accurate, and designing for “perception” isn’t really possible since how a rider perceives something will vary with mood, physical state, and a lot of other factors.

lghtvsaro
lghtvsaro
11 months ago
Reply to  Robin

@Robin

It’s also been shown that riders’ perceptions of aero aren’t very accurate especially when we’re talking a few watts.

I agree about perceptions of stiffness, however I think most riders would notice weight differences on their bike which is more what I’m getting at with the discussion about acceleration.

I’m all for collecting and looking at data, but I think applying it in a meaningful way for people is where the aero vs weight convo comes up short. A bike can be super aero, but if its heavy it’s not gonna be fun to bring up to speed repeatedly.

My 2 cents is buy a nice lightweight-ish bike, maintain it well, and then buy a speedsuit/skinsuit or good aero clothing with the money you saved not paying to play around in a wind tunnel or doing CFD

Mike
Mike
11 months ago

Can we get an independent fluid dynamics engineer. Of course Trek and cannondale are going to say what they need to sell bikes.

Robin
Robin
11 months ago
Reply to  Mike

The physics and associated math tell the tale. Any aero engineer or physicist that looks at the factors influencing bike performance will tell you that aero drag dominates except when the road grade gets steep, and even then it doesn’t vanish.

sirbikealot
11 months ago
Reply to  Robin

agreed it’s first year university physics folks, nothing here is that surprising. people love to talk about “rotational weight” etc, well thats really importantly for about 20 seconds at the start of a race and never a major factor again…

Howie S.
Howie S.
11 months ago

What about rider position? Is that not of huge consequence? Do they assume all amateurs ride with the same amount of body drag?

sirbikealot
11 months ago
Reply to  Howie S.

yes they did all the test using the same positioning (essentially they took it out of the equation all together). if you’re personal position changes then obviously so does the aerodynamics, same with wind direction and its velocity. but for a scientific test you try to keep variables constant to get repeatable results.

John
John
11 months ago

there is a lot of conflicting information on the topic of aero. the theory is that aero is better than weight all the time, even if going slow because you still get all the energy savings for a longer duration than a faster rider.

J B
J B
3 months ago

KEY: what is “classic aero” as the spectrum of cDa for aero bikes is quite large and has changed dramatically over the past few years. So the term classic could refer to “old” aero bike?

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